In 398, one of the key works in the development of modern autobiography was composed: Confessions by Augustine of Hippo. While it recounts his conversion to Christianity, it is much more than that—it serves as a reflection on the mistakes of his youth (a personal misdirection with a distinctly human and universal resonance) and an analysis, framed in religious terms, of the true nature of happiness. Augustine’s personal story has an intrinsically human quality, relatable to almost anyone. In the first book, he focuses on the debauchery of the years preceding his conversion, condemning his youthful attitude as a confused search for external pleasures and happiness. He asks: But how can I look for something from outside? How can I fill myself if I am torn inside?
This misguided projection of oneself outward is also a key point in Epicurean philosophy. When Epicurus founded his philosophical school in Athens in the late 4th century BC, he initiated a way of thinking that would quickly spread, passing through Rome and continuing to influence us today.
One reason Epicurean thought remains relevant is its conception of happiness and the means of achieving it. In essence, Epicurean philosophy promotes a simple, rational lifestyle aimed at satisfying basic needs while enjoying friendship and nature. Some essential principles of his philosophy remain profoundly enlightening even in the modern era.
First, regarding the order of the cosmos, Epicurus argues that the universe may have multiple causes but operates according to its own self-evident principles. Humanity falls into trouble when it imposes its own will and motives onto reality, which functions independently. Happiness, according to Epicurus, lies in freedom from illusions. Every choice we make should contribute to the health of the body or the tranquility of the soul, as these are the pillars of a happy life.
But what are the minimal essential needs required to achieve a peaceful existence? To better understand these, we can turn to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, a psychological theory introduced by Abraham Maslow in 1943 and later expanded. Maslow’s hierarchy identifies five basic categories of needs, starting with the most fundamental at the base and progressing to the highest. These categories are: physiological needs (e.g., breathing, sleeping, avoiding pain), safety and security (e.g., physical integrity, housing), social belonging, esteem and recognition, and finally, self-actualization—the pinnacle where individuals find meaning in life. Importantly, the higher levels can only be attained if the lower levels are satisfied.
From this perspective, we see the importance of focusing first on ourselves to live virtuously, free from trouble, and to avoid causing trouble for others. Epicurus’ advice to “live unseen” reflects this philosophy. It emphasizes the need for personal introspection, periodic rest to relax the mind and body, living harmoniously with nature, and pursuing activities we love, all within the bounds of rationality. Choices, according to Epicurus, must be guided by prudence and reason, which ensure stability and balance in life.
Bringing all these ideas together, we arrive at a state beautifully described by Epicurus in his letter to Menoeceus: by living wisely and virtuously, “You shall be disturbed neither waking nor sleeping, and you shall live as a god among men.”
By Noemi Manghi
